January 2016 Information Update 8: Pricing, Amongst An Halt Of Calendar Month Update

If yous accept been tracking the posts that I accept almost my information updates, yous likely noticed that early on, I had planned 8 posts but that this shrunk to 7 past times the fourth dimension I was done. The argue was that the final post that I was planning to brand was going to move on pricing numbers, i.e., the multiples that companies are trading at about the world, relative to volume value as well as earnings. However, as the marketplace dropped inwards January, I decided that posting the PE as well as EV/EBITDA multiples from Jan 1, 2016, would move pointless, since the numbers would move dated. I was likewise considering a post on the stock marketplace turmoil during the month, as well as during the weekend, I decided that I could delineate off a combined post, where I could aspect at both the pricing on Jan 1, as well as how it has changed during Jan 2016, past times region, province as well as sector.

The U.S.A. story, as told through the ERP

In my very laid about post this month, I looked at the equity adventure premium for the S&P 500 on Jan 1, 2016, as well as estimated it to move 6.12%, based on dividends as well as buybacks over the final 12 months. I noted my discomfort alongside the fact that the cash returned inwards those twelve months exceeded the earnings, as well as estimated a buyback adjusted ERP of 5.16%, alongside buybacks reduced over fourth dimension to a sustainable level. As inwards prior volatile months, I computed the ERP at the destination of each trading day, using both measures of cash flows (trailing 12 months as well as modified to reverberate earnings). The numbers are inwards the tabular array below:

Download spreadsheet

The ERP rose almost 0.60% (on both measures) during the calendar month to peak on Jan 20, though it dropped dorsum over again inwards the final few days of the month. It is truthful that I left the cash flows as well as growth periods unchanged over the trading days, as well as that the bad intelligence of the calendar month may reverberate, alongside lower buybacks as well as growth expectations inwards the coming months. thus, the increase inwards the ERP is exaggerated, but, inwards my view, the mass of the alter volition remain. The essence of a crisis month, similar this one, is that the cost of adventure volition increase during the month.

The Five Trillion Dollar Heist: Who did it?

The calendar month started badly, alongside the Chinese markets dropping on the laid about trading twenty-four lx minutes catamenia of the twelvemonth as well as taking other markets downward alongside them. Much of the calendar month followed inwards the same vein, alongside extended periods of marketplace spend upward followed past times rigid upward days. Oil as well as Communist People's Republic of China continued to move the marketplace drivers, alongside crude oil prices continuing their inexorable spend upward as well as intelligence of economical slowdown from Communist People's Republic of China coming inwards at regular intervals. The harm inflicted during the calendar month is captured inwards the nautical chart below:

The global equity markets collectively lost $5.54 trillion inwards value during the month, roughly 8.42% of overall value. The global breakdown of value likewise reflects some regional variations, alongside Chinese equities declining from some 17% of global marketplace capitalization to closer to 15%. To the query of how the calendar month measures upward against the worst months inwards history, the adept intelligence is that at that spot accept been dozens of months that delivered worse returns inwards the aggregate. In fact, the U.S.A. equity market's functioning inwards Jan 2016 would non fifty-fifty brand the listing of 25 worst months inwards U.S.A. marketplace history, all of which saw double-digit losses or worse or fifty-fifty the 50 worst calendar month list. 

Whodunnit? Surveying the Regional Damage

As yous tin dismiss run into inwards the pie chart, the hurting was non inflicted every bit across the world. Communist People's Republic of China was the worst affected marketplace as well as the details of the harm past times portion are captured inwards the tabular array below. 

Country Performance Spreadsheet

Not entirely did mainland Chinese stocks lose to a greater extent than than 20% of their marketplace capitalization, to a greater extent than than 75% of all stocks inwards that province dropped to a greater extent than than 10% as well as 59% dropped past times to a greater extent than than 20%; Hong Kong listings fared a picayune better, but even so managed to come upward inwards 2nd inwards the race for worst regional market. Indian as well as Japanese stocks were difficult hit, but the balance of Asia (small Asia) did non create as badly. Among the developed markets, Commonwealth of Australia was the worst affected but the UK, U.S.A. as well as European Union regions saw marketplace capitalizations drib past times 6-7%. 

If yous are a knee-jerk contrarian, yous may move tempted to outpouring into the Chinese market, peculiarly since mainland Chinese stocks traded at 15.73 times earnings, on Jan 31, 2016, downward from 20.28 times net turn a profit at the laid about of the month, as well as Hong Kong based Chinese stocks aspect fifty-fifty cheaper. In the global oestrus map below, yous tin dismiss aspect upward how stock markets fared inwards each province during Jan 2016 as well as pricing multiples at which equities are trading at the destination of the month. 

via chartsbin.com

The Sector Effects

Just as the marketplace harm varied across countries inwards Jan 2016, it likewise varied across manufacture groupings. Using my manufacture categorization, I looked at the alter inwards marketplace capitalizations, past times industry, as well as substitution pricing multiples (PE, Price to Book, EV to EBITDA, EV to Invested Capital) at the laid about as well as destination of Jan 2016. The entire listing tin dismiss move downloaded at this link, but the 15 industries that fared the worst, inwards terms of drib inwards marketplace capitalization, are listed below:

Industry Spreadsheet

The biggest surprise, given the intelligence almost continued drops inwards crude oil prices, is that none of the crude oil groupings (I accept four) showed upward on the list, alongside integrated crude oil companies dropping entirely 4.20%  and crude oil distribution companies dropping 8.93% during the month. Not surprisingly, at that spot are a host of cyclical companies on this list, but biotech as well as electronics companies likewise suffered large drops inwards value. Looking at the 15 industries that fared the best during the month, tobacco topped the list, as 1 of the iii industries that managed to post positive returns, alongside utilities as well as telecom services beingness the other two. 

Precious metals did well, reflecting the vogue of investors to flee to them during crisis, but most of the balance of the listing reflects industries that sell the essentials (food as well as solid products, wellness care).

Where next?

As investors, nosotros oft experience the urge to extrapolate from small-scale slices of marketplace history, as well as I am certain that at that spot volition move some who run into groovy significance inwards the final month's volatility. They volition dredge upward temporal anomalies similar the Jan effect to explicate why stocks are doomed this twelvemonth as well as that if Denver wins the Super Bowl, it is going to move catastrophic for investors. I am non willing to brand that leap. What I learned from Jan 2016 is that stocks are risky (I request reminders every at in 1 lawsuit as well as then), that marketplace pundits are almost as reliable as soothsayers, that the doomsayers volition remind yous that they "told yous so" as well as that life goes on. I am only glad the calendar month is over!

Datasets

1. ERP past times twenty-four lx minutes catamenia for the S&P 500 with ERP spreadsheet, if yous desire to create it yourself.
2. Industry Price Performance (with multiples earlier as well as after)
3. Country Price Performance 

Data Update Posts

1. January 2016 Data Update 1: The U.S.A. Equity Market 
2. January 2016 Data Update 2: Interest Rates as well as Exchange Rates - Currencies 
3. January 2016 Data Update 3: Country Risk as well as Pricing
4. January 2016 Data Update 4: Costs of Equity as well as Capital
5. January 2016 Data Update 5: Investment Returns as well as Profitability
6. January 2016 Data Update 6: Capital Structure
7. January 2016 Data Update 7: Dividend Policy
8. January 2016  Data Update 8: Pricing, alongside an destination of calendar month update

A Trigger-Happy Lucre Season: Pricing Together With Value Perspectives

The earnings flavour is upon us 1 time again, the quarterly rite of passage where companies study their earnings results, the numbers instruct measured upwards against expectations, expectations instruct reset together with prices adjust. As an investor, I sometimes expose the procedure unsettling, but equally a marketplace seat observer, I cannot mean value of a amend Petri dish to illustrate both the magic of markets together with the vagaries of human behavior. This earnings flavour has been alongside the violent, inwards terms of marketplace seat reaction, inwards quite a few years, equally tens of billions of dollars inwards marketplace seat capitalization receive got been wiped out overnight inwards some high flyers. In social club to instruct perspective during these volatile times, it helps me to overstep away dorsum to a contrast that I receive got drawn before betwixt the pricing together with value games together with how they play out, peculiarly roughly earnings reports.

Price versus Value: The Information Effect

In finance, nosotros occupation the words toll together with value, equally if they were interchangeable together with I receive got sometimes been guilty of this sin. It is worth noting that toll together with value non only come upwards from unlike processes together with are determined past times unlike variables, but tin also yield unlike numbers for the same property at the same betoken inwards time. I examine to capture the deviation inwards a picture:

The gist of value is that it comes from a company's fundamentals, i.e., its capacity to generate together with grow cash flows; you lot tin endeavour to gauge that value using accounting numbers (book value) or intrinsic valuation (discounted cash flow). Fundamental information causes changes inwards a company's cash flows, growth or take away chances together with past times extension, volition modify its value. Pricing is a marketplace seat process, where need together with provide intersect to make a price. While that need may live affected past times fundamentals, it is to a greater extent than instantly a purpose of market mood/sentiment and incremental information close the company, sometimes close fundamentals together with sometimes not.

In an before post, I drew a distinction betwixt investors together with traders, arguing that investing is close making judgments on value together with letting the toll procedure right itself, together with trading is close making judgments on hereafter toll movements, with value non beingness inwards play. While the line betwixt cardinal together with incremental data is where the biggest battles betwixt investors together with traders are fought, it is non an tardily 1 to draw, partly because it is subjective together with partly because at that spot are broad variations inside each grouping on making that assessment. For instance, consider Apple, a fellowship followed closely past times dozens of analysts, together with its earnings study on Jan 26, 2016. The fellowship beat earnings expectations, delivering the most profitable quarterly earnings inwards corporate history, but also sold fewer iPhones than expected; the fellowship lost almost $30 billion inwards marketplace seat capitalization inwards the immediate aftermath. An investor valuing the fellowship based on dividends would conclude that it was an overreaction, since non only are dividends non nether immediate threat but the cash residue of $200 billion addition should allow the fellowship to hold those dividends inwards the  long term. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 unlike investor whose valuation of the fellowship was based on its operating cash flows mightiness receive got viewed the same data equally to a greater extent than consequential, peculiarly since 65-70% of Apple's cash flows come upwards from iPhones. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 trader whose pricing of Apple is based on iPhone units sold would receive got drastically lowered the toll for the stock, if his expectations for sales were unmet, but some other trader whose pricing is based on earnings per share, would receive got been unaffected.

Earnings Reports: The Pricing together with Value Reaction

While almost whatever storey (rumor, corporate announcement) tin live incremental information, it is quarterly earnings reports that overstep away on the incremental data engine running, equally revelations close what happened to a fellowship inwards the most recent three-month menses overstep away the dry soil for reassessments of toll together with value.

Earnings Reports: The Pricing Game

The agency traders react to earnings reports is, at to the lowest degree on the surface, uncomplicated. Investors shape expectations close what an earnings study volition contain, with analysts putting numbers on their expectations. The actual study is together with so measured upwards against expectations, together with prices should ascent if the actuals musical rhythm out expectations together with autumn if they make not. The pic below captures this process, with potential complications thrown in.

While the game is close actual numbers together with expectations, it remains an unpredictable 1 for 3 reasons. The get-go is that the price catalyst inwards the earnings report, i.e, whether the marketplace seat reacts to surprises on administration guidance, revenues, operating income or earnings per share, tin non only vary across companies but across fourth dimension for the same company. The 2d is that piece analyst expectations are what nosotros focus on together with instruct reported, the market's expectations tin live different. The tertiary is that the effect on stock prices, for a given surprise (positive or negative) tin live unlike for unlike companies together with inwards unlike fourth dimension periods.

1. Price Catalyst: It is tardily plenty to say that if the actual numbers musical rhythm out expectations, it is skilful news, but actual numbers on what? While earnings reports ii decades agone mightiness receive got been  focused almost solely on earnings per share, the arrive at of variables that companies take away to report, together with investors react to, has expanded to non only include items upwards the income statement, such equally revenues together with operating income, but also revenue drivers which tin include units sold, seat out of users together with subscribers, depending on the fellowship inwards question.  In the in conclusion decade, companies receive got also increasingly turned to providing guidance close key operating numbers inwards hereafter quarters, which also instruct measured against expectations. Not surprisingly, therefore, most earnings reports yield a mixed bag, with some numbers beating expectations together with some not. Thus, Apple's earnings study on Jan 26, 2016, delivered an earnings per percentage that was higher than expected but revenue together with iPhone unit of measurement numbers that were lower than anticipated.
2. Whose expectations? News stories close earnings reports, like this one, almost e'er conflate analyst estimates with marketplace seat estimates, but that may non e'er live correct. It is truthful that analysts pass a dandy bargain of their fourth dimension working on, finessing together with updating their forecasts for the adjacent earnings report, but it is also truthful that most analysts convey real piddling novel data into their forecasts, are overly dependent on companies for their tidings together with are to a greater extent than followers than leaders. To the extent that companies play the earnings game good together with are able to musical rhythm out analyst forecasts most or fifty-fifty inwards all quarters, the marketplace seat seems to ready this behaviour into a "whispered earnings" number, which incorporates that behavior. 
3. Effect of surprise: The marketplace seat reaction to a surprise is also unpredictable, passing through what I telephone outcry upwards the market carnival or magic mirror, which tin distort, expand or shrink effects, together with 3 factors come upwards into play inwards determining that image. The get-go is the company's history on on delivering expected earnings together with providing guidance. Companies that receive got consistently delivered promised numbers together with provided credible guidance tend to live cutting to a greater extent than slack past times markets that those that receive got a history of volatile numbers or stretching the truth. The 2d is the investor base of operations acquired past times the firm, with the mix of investors together with traders determining the toll response. On a pricing stock, it is traders who dominate the activity together with the marketplace seat reply is so commonly to a greater extent than volatile, whereas on a value stock, it is investors who drive a to a greater extent than muted marketplace seat reaction. The tertiary has less to make with the fellowship together with to a greater extent than to make with the marketplace seat mood. In a calendar month similar the in conclusion one, when fearfulness is the dominant emotion, skilful tidings is oft overlooked or ignored, bad tidings is highlighted together with magnified together with the toll reaction volition contention negative.

Earnings Reports: The Value Game

It is hard to characterize the value game, just because it is played so differently past times its many proponents. Some old-time value investors' concept of value is tied to dividends together with other value investors are to a greater extent than opened upwards to expanding their measures of cash flows. To me, the 1 surface area where at that spot should live understanding across investors is that every skilful intrinsic valuation should live backed past times a narrative that non only provides construction to the numbers inwards the valuation, but also provides them with credibility. As I noted inwards this postal service from August 2014, it is this framework that I expose most useful, when looking at earnings reports together with I capture the "value" trial of earnings reports inwards this picture:

If you lot take away the notion that value changes when your narrative changes, the next propositions follow:

1. An earnings study tin travail large modify inwards value: For an earnings study to significantly impact value, a key component or parts of the narrative receive got to live changed past times an earnings report. This could live tidings that a fellowship has entered together with is growing strongly inwards a marketplace seat that you lot had non expected it to live successful inwards or on the flip side, tidings that the marketplace seat that you lot run into it is inwards is smaller and/or growing less than anticipated. 
2. Big value changes are to a greater extent than probable inwards immature companies: These meaning shifts inwards value are to a greater extent than probable to occur with immature companies than where line organisation models are yet inwards flux than with to a greater extent than established firms. Consequently, you lot should non live besides quick inwards classifying a large toll displace on an earnings study equally a marketplace seat overreaction, peculiarly with immature firms similar GoPro together with Linkedin.
3. There is to a greater extent than to an earnings study than the earnings per share: The relentless focus on earnings per percentage tin sometimes distract investors from the existent tidings inwards the earnings study which tin live embedded inwards less publicized numbers on production breakdown, geographical growth or cost patterns.

If you lot believe, similar I do, that investing requires you lot to constantly revisit together with revalue the companies that you lot receive got or wishing you lot to receive got inwards your portfolio, novel earnings reports from these companies provide timely reminders that no valuation is timeless together with no corporate narrative lasts forever.

The Rest of the Story

This postal service has gone on long enough, but it volition live the get-go inwards a serial that I hope to make roughly earnings reports, built roughly iv topics.

1. Make it real: In the get-go laid of posts, I volition live looking at a few companies that I receive got valued before. I volition start past times looking at ii companies, dueling for the laurels of beingness the largest marketplace seat cap fellowship inwards the world, Alphabet (Google) together with Apple, seemingly on unlike trajectories at the moment. I volition follow upwards with Amazon together with Netflix, ii firms that are revolutionizing the amusement line organisation together with were alongside the real best stocks to invest inwards in conclusion year. In the tertiary post, I volition plow my attending to ii social media mainstays, 1 of which (Facebook) has unlocked the net income potential of its user base of operations together with the other (Twitter) that has (at to the lowest degree so far) frittered away its advantages. In the concluding post, I innovation to pay hear to ii high flyers, GoPro together with Linkedin, that receive got hitting stone oil patches together with lost large portions of their value, afterward recent earnings reports.
2. The Players: In the 2d laid of posts, I volition get-go focus on investors together with traders together with how they mightiness live able to play the earnings game to their advantage, oftentimes using the other side equally foil. I volition together with so examine how corporations tin conform to the earnings game together with facial expression at unlike strategies that they occupation for playing the game, with the pluses together with minuses of each. 
3. The Government/Regulators/Society: In the concluding post, I volition play a purpose that I am uncomfortable with, that of marketplace seat regulator, together with examine whether equally regulator, at that spot is a societal or economical make goodness to trying to instruct by how together with what companies study inwards their earnings reports together with the investor reaction to these reports. In the process, I volition facial expression at the ground on whether the focus on delivering quarterly earnings diverts companies from a long term focus on value together with how altering the rules of the game (with investor restrictions together with taxation laws) may brand a difference.

YouTube Video

Blog posts inwards this series

1. A Violent Earnings Season: The Pricing together with Value Games
2. Race to the top: The Duel betwixt Alphabet together with Apple!
3. The Disruptive Duo: Amazon together with Netflix 
4. Management Matters: Facebook together with Twitter
5. Lazarus Rising or Icarus Falling? The GoPro together with LinkedIn Question!
6. Investor or Trader? Finding your house inwards the Value/Price Game! (Later this year)
7. The Perfect Investor Base? Corporation together with the Value/Price Game (Later this year)
8. Taming the Market? Rules, Regulations together with Restrictions (Later this year)

Race To The Top: The Duel Betwixt Alphabet In Addition To Apple!

Apple together with Alphabet, the 2 companies jockeying for the  prize of “largest marketplace cap companionship inward the world” are both incredibly successful businesses, amongst unparalleled cash machines (the iPhone together with Google Search) at their core. That said, the lastly calendar month has been eventful for both companies, merely every bit it has for the repose of the market, every bit their latest earnings reports seem to advise that these firms are on divergent paths. Having valued Apple multiple times on this weblog over the lastly 5 years, together with bought together with sold the stock based on those valuations, the most recent earnings study is an opportune fourth dimension for me to revisit Apple’s value. Having never valued Alphabet on this blog, though I convey valued it inward my classes multiple times, its earnings study is a skillful fourth dimension to initiate the procedure amongst a valuation.

The Apple Rollercoaster

Apple’s most recent earnings study came out on Jan 26, 2016, together with it contained mixed news. On the skillful tidings front, Apple announced the largest quarterly earnings inward corporate history together with higher earnings per part than expected yesteryear analysts. The bad tidings was that these earnings were generated on revenues that were some apartment for the year, that iPhone sales were lower than expected together with that the management expected revenues to rest weak through side yesteryear side quarter (in its guidance). The market’s reaction was negative, amongst Apple’s stock declining yesteryear 6.57%, a drib inward marketplace capitalization of to a greater extent than than $30 billion, correct after the announcement. In the moving painting below, I capture the pricing reaction to Apple, amongst its earnings history every bit background information:

In summary, it looks similar the marketplace is weighing the iPhone together with guidance bad tidings far to a greater extent than than the earnings skillful tidings inward making its assessment, amongst Apple's history of beating earnings every quarter for the lastly 8 weighing against it.

To evaluate whether the earnings study merited the negative marketplace reaction, I went dorsum to the intrinsic value drawing board together with updated my valuation of Apple, the lastly of which I posted inward August 2015 together with later updated inward Nov 2015, after its annual study (with a September 2015 twelvemonth end) came out. My assessment of Apple’s value inward Nov of 2015 was $134/share, but to a greater extent than importantly, the narrative that I had for Apple was that of a slow-growth , cash rich company (revenue growth charge per unit of measurement of 3% inward the side yesteryear side 5 years together with a cash repose of $200 billion), amongst operating margins nether pressure (declining from the 32.03% it earned every bit a pre-tax operating margin inward the 2015 financial twelvemonth to 25% over the side yesteryear side decade) together with a very depression probability of a difference-making disruption. Looking at the earnings report, it is truthful that revenue growth came inward below expectations (but non yesteryear much, given my depression expectations) together with operating margins dropped, ane time again inward line amongst expectations.

The cyberspace termination is that  my narrative changed little, together with using a slightly lower revenue growth charge per unit of measurement (2.2% instead of 3%) leads me to an updated assessment of value per part of $126 in Feb 2016 together with almost all of the difference is coming from a repricing of hazard (higher equity hazard premiums together with default spreads inward the market). In keeping amongst my persuasion that estimated value is a distribution, non a unmarried number, I ran a simulation on Apple's value inward Feb 2016:

At the toll of $94 at closed of trading on Feb 12, 2016, Apple looks nether valued yesteryear almost 25% together with at to the lowest degree based on my distribution, at that spot is a to a greater extent than than 90% hazard that it is nether valued.

Alphabet Soup

Alphabet surprised markets on Feb 1, 2016, amongst on earnings report where the companionship reported higher revenue growth than anticipated, coupled amongst higher net turn a profit margins. Since it was also the starting fourth dimension study that the companionship was releasing every bit asset company, where it was breaking itself downwardly  by business, at that spot was also excitement almost what yous would larn almost the companionship from this report. As amongst Apple, I start yesteryear looking at the pricing termination of the earnings report, comparing, actual numbers to expectations together with tallying the stock toll reaction to the report:

Markets were impressed yesteryear both the revenue together with earnings numbers together with the stock toll increased yesteryear 8% inward the immediate aftermath, briefly leading Alphabet to the forepart of the marketplace cap race.

As a counter to the market's excitement, I decided to compare the narrative (and value) that I had for Alphabet inward Nov 2015 (after their lastly earnings report) to the narrative (and value) after this ane (in Feb 2016).  In Nov 2015, my narrative for Google was that it would give-up the ghost on to live a dominant together with profitable histrion inward a growing online advertising market, growing 12% a twelvemonth inward the close term, maintaining its operating margins (left at 30% inward pre-tax terms, inward perpetuity).

It is truthful that inward their most recent earnings report, Alphabet reported double-digit growth inward revenues (impressive given their size together with the solid ground of the global economy) together with higher operating margins than they did inward the previous quarter. I left my master narrative largely intact, amongst revenue growth remaining at 12% together with pushed upward the target pre-tax operating margin to 32%, together with arrived at a value per part of $631/share. Presenting Google's value every bit a distribution, hither is what I get:

At $682.40, the toll at which the flat C shares were trading at on Feb 12, 2016, the stock is trading at almost 8% to a higher house the median price, amongst a 35% hazard of beingness nether valued. Since these shares convey no voting rights, attaching a value to voting rights, volition brand the shares a picayune to a greater extent than over priced.

I know that ane argue for Google's restructuring/renaming practice lastly twelvemonth was an ostensible wish to improve transparency, but I remember that at that spot may live less hither than promised, at to the lowest degree at the moment. There were a few things that became transparent inward Google's lastly earnings release, every bit captured inward this moving painting of a key purpose of the earnings unloose from the company:

1. It became transparently obvious that Google is almost only an online advertising company. All of Google's other businesses generate collective revenues of $448 million, piece reporting operating losses of $3,567 million. To fifty-fifty telephone telephone them businesses is perchance stretching the Definition of the give-and-take "business", since all they produce well, correct now, is pass money. While it is reasonable to cutting them some slack because they are young, start-ups, at that spot is zippo inward this study that would Pb yous to remember almost them whatever differently than yous ever have, if yous were a Google-watcher.
2. It is transparently clear that inward spite of its technological sophistication, this companionship uses financial terms loosely.  Note that what the companionship reports inward its earnings unloose every bit operating income of $23,245 meg inward the 2015 financial twelvemonth is actually EBITDA, together with perchance the only thanks that nosotros tin give is that it is non an adjusted EBITDA. If yous are going to live transparent, it is best if yous non follow the dictum of Humpty Dumpty inward Alice inward Wonderland, together with claim that a "word is what yous withdraw it to mean".

Transparency is skillful for investors, but amongst Alphabet, I volition reserve my thank yous until I encounter existent evidence of it (and perchance I will, inward the total 10Q).

Apple vs Alphabet

If this were a boxing match, Apple together with Alphabet would live the super heavyweights, fighting it out for the the world championship. To justice which is the improve company, though, yous would convey to specify on what dimension yous are making the comparison, i.e., every bit a business, an investment or every bit a trade.

I. As Businesses

Apple together with Alphabet part a few mutual features. First, each of them derives their value from one cash cow, the iPhone for Apple together with the search engine for Google, that individually convey values together with hence large that they would overstep the GDPs of many pocket-sized countries. Second, both companies are known for their attending to exceptional together with customer focus, at to the lowest degree on their center products, perchance explaining why they convey been together with hence successful over time. Third, both companies convey operate forces filled amongst brilliant people who seem to similar working for them. In short, these companies are perfect illustrations of how client focus, employee satisfaction together with shareholder value maximization oftentimes become manus inward hand.

Each company, though, has areas where it has advantages. The Alphabet advantage is that its center product, its search engine, enriched amongst YouTube together with the Google ecosystem, requires less attention together with maintenance to maintain cash flows going, amongst Facebook perchance beingness the only threat inward the curt or the medium term to profits. In contrast, Apple's iPhone franchise requires the companionship to constantly reinvent the product together with brand its ain prior models obsolete, creating a two-year bike that is both expensive together with gut wrenching to watch. The Apple advantage, though, comes from its history of having survived a near-death experience (in the belatedly 1990s) together with reinvented itself. Consequently, the companionship is much to a greater extent than aware of how tenuous its grip on value is together with it does essay harder to discovery novel game changers. There is ane concluding difference that, at to the lowest degree at the moment, is working for Alphabet together with against Apple, which is that Apple has made Red People's Republic of China its biggest unusual bet together with Google has picayune exposure to the Chinese economy, thanks to the Chinese government's fearfulness that all that stands betwixt it together with chaos is a skillful search engine.

If I were to selection a improve work organisation at the moment, it has to live Google. The company's center is potent together with volition acquire stronger together with the biggest threat it faces, i.e., that the agency nosotros aspect for things may alter from search engines to social media sites, is to a greater extent than distant that the the ane faced yesteryear Apple.

II. As an Investment

The character of an investment does non ever correlate amongst its character every bit a business, amongst the toll driving the divergence. Buying a dandy work organisation at besides high a toll is a bad investment, merely every bit buying a bad work organisation at a depression plenty toll tin live a skillful investment. Both Apple together with Alphabet are skillful businesses, but as an investor, my coin is on Apple, rather than Alphabet, at the prevailing price:

1. The pause fifty-fifty points for the 2 companies to live fairly priced are wildly divergent. Apple does non need whatever revenue growth together with tin encounter its operating margins slashed yesteryear a tertiary together with it would even together with hence live a fairly valued investment at its electrical flow price. Google volition convey to deliver 12% revenue growth amongst its electrical flow already high pre-tax operating margin to pause even. 
2. This may merely reverberate my personal predilections, but I need a bonus to invest inward a companionship that wants my coin but is non interested inward my input (my vote on key decisions). I convey had my disagreements amongst Tim Cook, but Apple is a much stronger corporate commonwealth than Alphabet, which remains a dictatorship, albeit a benevolent ane (at the moment). 

I would hasten to add together that I convey never owned Google, every bit an investor, together with that may reverberate the fact that I continually nether approximate the profit-making might of its online advertising engine. So, experience gratuitous to download my valuation, alter the inputs yous don't similar together with brand it your own.

III. As a Trade

If momentum is the biggest driver inward the pricing game, it is Alphabet that has the wages correct now, notwithstanding the turn down inward its toll inward the days since its lastly earnings report. Whether fair or not, markets convey institute the skillful tidings inward almost every Alphabet even out together with discovery the tempest clouds fifty-fifty on Apple's sunniest days. As long every bit the momentum game continues, yous volition brand coin far to a greater extent than easily together with rapidly amongst Alphabet than amongst Apple, but merely a annotation of warning, from Apple's ain recent past. Momentum volition change, almost ever without whatever advance alert together with for no skillful cardinal reason, together with when it does, I hope that yous are able to acquire ahead of it.

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Raw Data

1. Apple Last 10K (September 2015) together with Current 10Q (December 2015)
2. Google Last 10K, Last 10Q together with Earnings Release (no electrical flow 10Q at the fourth dimension of post)

Spreadsheets

1. Valuation of Apple inward November 2015 together with February 2016
2. Valuation of Alphabet (Google) inward November 2015 together with February 2016

Blog posts inward this series

1. A Violent Earnings Season: The Pricing together with Value Games
2. Race to the top: The Duel betwixt Alphabet together with Apple!
3. The Disruptive Duo: Amazon together with Netflix 
4. Management Matters: Facebook together with Twitter
5. Lazarus Rising or Icarus Falling? The GoPro together with LinkedIn Question!
6. Investor or Trader? Finding your house inward the Value/Price Game! (Later this year)
7. The Perfect Investor Base? Corporation together with the Value/Price Game (Later this year)
8. Taming the Market? Rules, Regulations together with Restrictions (Later this year)

The Disruptive Duo: Amazon In Addition To Netflix!

Amazon together with Netflix! Need I say more? Just the yell of those companies cleaves marketplace participants into opposing camps. In 1 campsite are those who believe that those who invest inwards these companies are out of their minds together with that at that topographic point is no agency that you lot tin justify buying these companies, perchance at whatever price. In the other are those who fighting that the one-time fourth dimension value investors don't larn it, that these companies are redefining one-time businesses together with volition emerge every bit winners, therefore justifying their high prices. The truth, every bit always, lies inwards the middle.

Amazon together with Netflix: Reading the Pricing Entrails

Amazon together with Netflix take away maintain been marketplace wonders, rising inwards marketplace capitalization fifty-fifty inwards 2015, a twelvemonth when most of the marketplace was retrenching. Notwithstanding the steep drib inwards stock prices of both companies this twelvemonth (with Amazon downwards 23% together with Netflix downwards 22%), Amazon is even together with so upwardly 36% over the concluding twelvemonth together with Netflix is upwardly 34% during the same period.

One elementary agency to mensurate how much these companies take away maintain to come upwardly to dominate their playing fields is to compare them amongst traditional heavyweights inwards their businesses, Walmart, inwards the illustration of Amazon, together with Time Warner, inwards the illustration of Netflix.

Is it possible that Amazon is worth to a greater extent than than Walmart together with that Netflix is to a greater extent than than 60% of Time Warner’s value? The respond is yeah together with the exclusively agency to detect out is past times valuing both companies.

Amazon: The Field of Dreams Company

In a postal service inwards Oct 2014, I described Amazon every bit a most recent earnings report on Jan 28, 2016, Amazon delivered its by-now-usual high revenue growth, delivered or together with so expected numbers on its revenues together with guidance, but came inwards good below expectations on its earnings per share. 

The marketplace reacted strongly to the earnings per portion surprise, amongst the stock cost dropping 15% together with Amazon losing $45 billion inwards marketplace capitalization. The reply followed a pattern of large marketplace reactions to earnings surprises at the company, perchance suggesting that the marketplace is dreaming less almost revenues together with wanting to a greater extent than inwards profits from Amazon.

From a valuation perspective, Amazon’s results reinforced my existing story, amongst perchance a tweak inwards the pathway to profitability:

During the concluding year, Amazon has taken actions that propose that it is heeding the telephone telephone to demo profits, shifting to a greater extent than of its focus to cloud computing together with its earnings study on Jan 19, 2016, Netflix beat expectations on both earnings per portion together with subscribers, amongst the growth inwards global subscribers tipping the scale. 

While the study initially evoked a positive response, that cost bounce rapidly faded every bit investors took profits.

I take away maintain never posted a Netflix valuation on my blog, but inwards my prior valuations of the firm, I take away maintain tended to value it every bit a primarily domestic fellowship that acquires others’ content together with streams it to subscribers While that remains the heart together with individual occupation concern model, it seems to me that the storey is shifting to a fellowship that is increasingly global together with to a greater extent than willing to generate its ain content, amongst this earnings study providing farther backing for the view. The connector betwixt this storey together with my valuation inputs is below:

Note that Netflix’s shift to content has mixed effects, decreasing net margins (at to the lowest degree every bit I take away maintain defined them) piece also reducing the reinvestment needed to generate growth (as the cost of buying content is replaced amongst the cost of making its own). The value per portion that I obtain amongst these inputs is $61.44. Allowing the inputs to vary together with live drawn from distributions, my estimated value distribution for Netflix is every bit follows:

At $87.40/share per share, Netflix looks overvalued past times almost 40%, but every bit amongst Amazon, at that topographic point are clearly combinations of revenue growth together with margins that yield values that laissez passer on the price.

To GAAP or non to GAAP?

Both Amazon together with Netflix take away maintain a GAAP problem, insofar every bit neither fellowship generates much inwards operating profits, using conventional accounting rules. I practice believe that GAAP understates the profits at both companies, though non for the reasons used past times many of the biggest cheerleaders for the company, including the adding dorsum of stock-based compensation or the operate of supplier credit every bit a source of working capital alphabetic lineament (and cash flows). The occupation is inwards the accounting categorization of expenses, amongst Amazon’s large investments inwards applied scientific discipline together with content together with Netflix’s fifty-fifty bigger spending on acquiring the rights to content (usually for multiple years) beingness treated every bit operating expenses. If nosotros next accounting’s ain commencement principle, which define working capital alphabetic lineament expenditures every bit expenditures designed to practice benefits over many years, Amazon’s applied scientific discipline investments together with Netflix’s content commitments should both live moved out of operating expenses together with the effects are captured inwards the tabular array below:

In summary, reclassifying these basic expenses changes the painting of these companies from depression margin companies, that grow revenues amongst real piffling reinvestment, to higher margin companies, that reinvest meaning amounts to deliver higher revenues. It also has a favorable affect on value per share, non because of the obvious reasons (that operating income is increased) but because the reinvestment at both companies has been value-generating.

I don't worship at the GAAP altar together with take away maintain come upwardly to the determination that piece accountants mightiness practice some things well, mensuration earnings at companies that are non stable, manufacturing firms is non 1 of those things.  They non exclusively violate their ain commencement principles (as evidenced past times the handling of R&D together with contractual commitments every bit operating expenses) but also practice inconsistencies across companies, making earnings at Amazon together with Netflix non quite comparable amongst the earnings at GM or fifty-fifty at Walmart. That is 1 argue that I give brusk shrift to arguments against investing inwards Amazon, because it trades at several hundred times earnings, since cutting its applied scientific discipline evolution costs past times $10 billion could rapidly solve that PE occupation piece destroying the solid set down for the company's value.

As businesses, the 2 companies portion a mutual characteristic: they are willing to pass coin forthwith (on Prime together with technology, inwards the illustration of Amazon, together with master copy together with acquired content, inwards the illustration of Netflix) to generate revenue growth, which they believe that they tin plough into positive cash flows later. Both companies also realize that their growth ambitions volition require them to grow exterior the US, inwards less friendly regulatory standpoint together with competitive environments. The biggest danger that the 2 companies confront is that their revenue growth plans come upwardly to fruition, but that their costs rest high, every bit they take away maintain to proceed spending coin to proceed their customers. There is 1 other feature that they portion together with it is 1 that may add together to their value, though it is disquieting, at to the lowest degree to me. I take away maintain a feeling that Amazon knows to a greater extent than almost my buying habits, together with Netflix almost my TV together with motion-picture demo watching proclivities, than I practice myself. As an Amazon Prime user together with Netflix subscriber of long standing, I know that they volition operate this noesis to pull me deeper into their web, but I must confess that I am going inwards willingly.

Investor or Trader?

In the first postal service inwards this series, I differentiated betwixt investors together with traders together with no 2 companies improve illustrate the split upwardly than Amazon together with Netflix. The 2 stocks take away maintain created a Rorschach test  past times forcing you lot to select betwixt staying truthful to your investing beliefs or capitulating to your pricing instincts. I would live lying if I said that I take away maintain non revisited my Amazon valuation from Oct 2014, when the stock was trading at almost $300 together with I flora it to live over valued, every bit the stock doubled to to a greater extent than than $600 during the course of study of the side past times side twelvemonth or that I take away maintain non looked wistfully at Netflix, during its stock cost rising concluding year.  That said, I take away maintain made my peace, for the moment, amongst the market, on these companies. I am an investor, for improve or worse, together with take away maintain to larn amongst my estimates of value, flawed idea they mightiness be, together with volition non purchase either Amazon or Netflix, at their electrical current prices. At the same time, I take away maintain plenty abide by for the powerfulness of markets to non sell brusk on either stock, since I take away maintain seen what momentum tin practice amongst both stocks. You tin telephone telephone me chicken, but I don't take away maintain the luxury of investing other people's money!

YouTube


Datasets

1. Amazon 10K (2015)
2. Netflix 10K (2015)

Spreadsheets

1. Amazon - Valuation inwards Feb 2016
2. Netflix - Valuation inwards Feb 2016

Blog posts inwards this series

1. A Violent Earnings Season: The Pricing together with Value Games
2. Race to the top: The Duel betwixt Alphabet together with Apple!
3. The Disruptive Duo: Amazon together with Netflix 
4. Management Matters: Facebook together with Twitter
5. Lazarus Rising or Icarus Falling? The GoPro together with LinkedIn Question!
6. Investor or Trader? Finding your house inwards the Value/Price Game! (Later this year)
7. The Perfect Investor Base? Corporation together with the Value/Price Game (Later this year)
8. Taming the Market? Rules, Regulations together with Restrictions (Later this year)

Management Matters: Facebook Too Twitter!

I am non a large user of social media. I withdraw hold a Facebook page, which I don’t see often, never respond to pokes together with don’t postal service on at all. I tweet, but my 820 lifetime tweets pale inwards comparing to prolific tweeters, who tweet that many times during a month. That said, I withdraw hold been fascinated with, together with withdraw hold followed, both companies from only prior to their world offerings together with non only withdraw hold learned close the social media concern but fifty-fifty to a greater extent than close my limitations inwards assessing their values. The paths that these companies withdraw hold taken since their world offerings also offering illustrative examples of how markets assess together with miss-assess these companies, why management matters, together with the roller coaster ride that investors withdraw hold to live willing to take, when they brand bets on these companies.

Facebook

In its brief life every bit a world company, Facebook has acquired a reputation of beingness a companionship that non only manages to brand coin piece it grows but is also able to live visionary together with pragmatic, at the same time. In its most recent earnings written report on Jan 27, 2016, Facebook delivered its by-now familiar combination of high revenue growth, heaven high margins together with seeming endless capacity to add together to its user base of operations together with to a greater extent than importantly, monetize those users:

The market’s reaction to this by together with large positive written report was positive, amongst the stock rising 14% inwards the after market.

I outset valued Facebook a few weeks ahead of its IPO together with again at the fourth dimension of its IPO at close $27/share, laughably low, given that the stock is around $100 today, but reflecting the concerns that I had on 4 fronts: whether it could maintain user growth going, given that it was already at a billion users then, whether it could brand the shift to mobile, every bit users shifted from computers to mobile phones together with tablets, whether it could scale upward its online advertising revenues together with whether it could proceed to earn its high margins inwards a concern fraught amongst competition. The company, through the outset 4 years of its existence has emphatically answered these questions. It has managed to growth its user base of operations from huge to gargantuan, it has made a successful transition to mobile, maybe fifty-fifty amend than Google has, together with it has been able to maintain its odd combination of revenue growth together with sky-high margins. Prior to the prior year's terminal earnings report, inwards Nov 2015, I was already seeing Facebook every bit potentially the winner inwards the online advertising battle amongst Google together with capable of non only commanding a hundred billion inwards revenues inwards 10 years but amongst fifty-fifty higher margins than Google. The value per percentage of almost $80/share, that I estimated for the companionship inwards Nov 2015, reflects the steady ascent that I withdraw hold reported inwards my intrinsic value estimates for the companionship over the terminal 5 years. If anything, the storey is reinforced after the earnings report, amongst revenue growth coming inwards at close 44% together with an operating margin of 51.36%.

The value per percentage that I acquire for the company, amongst this narrative, is close $95/share, only a picayune flake nether the $102/share that the stock was trading at inwards Feb 2016.  As amongst my other valuations inwards this series, I ran a simulation of Facebook’s value together with the results are below:

Spreadsheet amongst valuation

At the prevailing toll of $102/share, the stock was around fairly priced on Feb 12, at to the lowest degree based on my inputs. 

I am certain that in that location volition live others who volition lay Facebook nether a microscope to discovery its formula for success, but in that location are 2 actions that are illustrative of the company’s mindset. The outset was its aforementioned conquest of the mobile market, where it badly lagged its competitors at the fourth dimension of it IPO. Rather than discovery excuses for its misfortunate performance, the companionship went dorsum to the drawing board together with created a mobile version which non only improved user sense but provided a platform for advert revenues. The 2nd was the company’s acquisition of Whatsapp, an acquisition that cost the companionship to a greater extent than than $20 billion together with provoked a neat bargain of caput scratching amidst value minded people at time, since Whatsapp had picayune inwards revenues together with no earnings at the time. I argued at the fourth dimension that the acquisition made sense from a pricing perspective, since Facebook was buying 450 i one k thousand Whatsapp users for close $40/user, when the marketplace was pricing these users at $100/user. That acquisition may withdraw hold been driven past times pricing motivations but it has yielded a value windfall for the company, specially inwards Asia together with Latin America, amongst to a greater extent than than 100 i one k thousand Whatsapp users only inwards India. 

It is truthful that Facebook’s latest venture inwards India, Free Basics, where it had partnered amongst an Indian telecom line of piece of work solid to offering gratis but restricted meshing service, has been blocked past times the Indian government, but it is to a greater extent than akin to a bump inwards the route than a major auto wreck. At the peril of rushing inwards where others withdraw hold been burned for their comments, I am cynical plenty to run across both sides of the action. Much every bit Facebook would similar to claim altruistic motives for the proposal, the restriction that the gratis meshing role would allow you lot access only to the portion of the online infinite controlled past times Facebook makes me intend otherwise. As for those who opposed Free Basics, likening Facebook’s plans to colonial expansion is an over reach. In my view, the work amongst the Indian authorities for most of the terminal few decades is non that it's actions are driven past times human knee jerk anti-colonialism, but that it behaves similar a paternalistic, absentee father, insisting to its people that it volition accept attention of necessities (roads, sewers, water, ability together with now, broadband), piece beingness missing, when activity is needed.

On a personal note, I was lucky to live able to purchase Facebook a few months after it went world at $18, but earlier you lot ascribe marketplace timing genius to me, I sold the stock at $45. At the time, Tom Gardner, co-founder of Motley Fool together with a soul that I withdraw hold much honor for, commented on my valuation  (on this blog) together with suggested that I was nether estimating both Facebook's potential together with its management. He was right, I was wrong, but I withdraw hold no regrets!

Twitter

If Facebook is evidence that you lot tin ship away convert a large social media base of operations into a concern platform to deliver advertising together with more, Twitter is the cautionary annotation on the difficulties of doing so. Its most recent earnings written report on Feb 10, 2016, continued a recent string of disappointing word stories close the company:

The marketplace reacted badly to the stagnant user base of operations (though 320 i one k thousand users is nonetheless a large number) together with Twitter’s stock toll striking an all fourth dimension depression at $14.31, correct after the report. The positive earnings may print you, but retrieve that this is the reengineered together with adjusted version of earnings, where stock based compensation is added back together with other sleights of mitt are performed to brand negative numbers into positive ones.

As amongst Facebook, I first valued Twitter inwards Oct 2013, only earlier its IPO together with arrived at an approximate of value of 17.36 per share. My initial narrative for the companionship was that it would live successful inwards attracting online advertising, but that its format (the 140 graphic symbol bound together with punchy messages) would trammel it to beingness a secondary medium for advertisers (thus limiting its eventual marketplace share).The stock was priced at $26, opened at $45 together with zoomed to $70, largely on expectations that it would apace plow its potential (user base) into revenues together with profits. However, inwards the 3 years since Twitter went public, it is disappointing how picayune that narrative has changed. In fact, after the most recent earnings report, my narrative for Twitter remains almost unchanged from my initial one, together with is to a greater extent than negative than it was inwards the middle of terminal year.

Since the narrative has non changed since the master copy IPO, the value per percentage for Twitter, non surprisingly, remains at close $18. The results of my simulation are below:

Spreadsheet amongst Valuation

My approximate of value today is lower than my valuation inwards August of terminal year, when I assumed that the arrival of Jack Dorsey at the helm of the company, would trigger changes that would Pb to monetization of its user base.

So what’s gone incorrect at Twitter? Some of the problems prevarication inwards its construction together with it is to a greater extent than hard to both attract advertising together with introduce that advertising inwards a non-intrusive agency to users inwards a Tweet stream. (I volition brand a confession. Not only do I discovery the sponsored tweets inwards my feed to live irritating, but I withdraw hold never e'er felt the urge to click on i of them.) Some of the problems though withdraw hold to live traced dorsum to the agency the companionship has been managed together with the choices it has made since going public. In my view, Twitter has been far likewise focused on keeping Wall Street analysts happy together with likewise picayune on edifice a business. Initially, that strategy paid off inwards rising stock prices, every bit analysts told the companionship that the game was all close delivering to a greater extent than users together with the companionship delivered accordingly. The problem, though, is that users, past times themselves, were never going to live a sufficient metric of concern success together with that the marketplace (not the analysts) transitioned, in what I termed a Bar Mitzvah moment, to wanting to run across to a greater extent than substance, together with the companionship was non ready. 

Can the problems live fixed? Perhaps, but fourth dimension is running out. With immature companies, the perception of beingness inwards problem tin ship away real easily Pb to a dice spiral, where employees together with customers start abandoning you lot for greener pastures. This is specially truthful inwards the online advertising space, where Facebook together with Google are hungry predators, consuming every advertising dollar inwards their path. I withdraw hold said earlier that I don’t run across how Jack Dorsey tin ship away do what needs to live done at Twitter, piece running 2 companies, but I am right away getting to a quest where I am non certain that Jack Dorsey is the reply at Twitter.  As someone who bought Twitter at $25 piece of cake terminal year, I am looking for reasons to agree on to the stock. One, of course, is that the companionship may live inexpensive plenty right away that it could live an attractive acquisition target, but sense has also taught when the only ground you lot withdraw hold left for asset on to a stock is the promise that someone volition purchase the company, you lot are reaching the bottom of the intrinsic value barrel. The best that I tin ship away state close Twitter, at the moment, is that at $18/share, it is fairly valued, but if the companionship continues to live run the agency it has for the terminal few years, both toll together with value could movement inwards tandem to zero. Much every bit I would similar to agree on until the stock gets dorsum to $25, I am inclined to sell the stock sooner, unless the narrative changes dramatically.

The Postscript

Valuing Facebook together with Twitter after valuing Alphabet is an interesting exercise, since all 3 companies are players inwards the online advertising space. At their electrical flow marketplace capitalization, the marketplace is pricing Facebook together with Google to non only live the winners inwards the game, but pricing them to live dominant winners. In fact, the revenues that you lot would involve inwards 10 years to justify their pricing today is around $300 billion, which if it comes alone from online advertising, would stand upward for close 75% of that market. If you lot are okay amongst that pricing, together with so it is bad word for the smaller players inwards online advertising, similar Twitter, Yelp together with Snapchat, who volition live fighting for crumbs from the online advertising table. This is a quest that I made inwards my postal service on large marketplace delusions terminal year, but it leads to an interesting follow up. If you lot are an investor, I tin ship away run across a rationale for holding either Google or Facebook inwards your portfolio, since in that location are credible narratives for both companies that outcome inwards them beingness nether valued. I intend you lot volition withdraw hold a tougher fourth dimension justifying asset both, unless your narrative is that the winner-take-most nature of the game volition Pb to these companies dominating  the online advertising marketplace together with leaving each other alone. If  Google, Facebook together with the smaller players (Twitter, Yelp, a individual investment inwards Snapchat) are all inwards your portfolio, I am afraid that I cannot run across whatsoever valuation narrative that could justify asset all of these companies at the same time.

Closing on a personal note, I withdraw hold discovered, during the course of study of valuation, that I larn every bit much close myself every bit I do close the companies that I value. In the instance of Facebook together with Twitter, I withdraw hold learned that I agree on to my expectations likewise long, fifty-fifty inwards the confront of evidence to the contrary, together with that I nether approximate the number of management, specially at immature companies to deliver surprises (both positive together with negative). I sold Facebook likewise shortly inwards 2013, because my valuations did non grab upward amongst the company’s changed narrative until afterwards together with maybe bought Twitter likewise early,  last year, because I idea that the company’s user base of operations was likewise valuable for whatsoever management to fritter away. I alive together with I learn, together with I am certain that I volition acquire lots of chances to revisit these companies together with brand to a greater extent than mistakes inwards the future.

YouTube Video


Datasets

1. Facebook 10K (2015)
2. Twitter - Bloomberg Summary (including 2015 numbers)

Spreadsheets

1. Facebook - Valuation inwards Feb 2016
2. Twitter - Valuation inwards Feb 2016

Blog posts inwards this series

1. A Violent Earnings Season: The Pricing together with Value Games
2. Race to the top: The Duel betwixt Alphabet together with Apple!
3. The Disruptive Duo: Amazon together with Netflix 
4. Management Matters: Facebook together with Twitter
5. Lazarus Rising or Icarus Falling? The GoPro together with LinkedIn Question!
6. Investor or Trader? Finding your house inwards the Value/Price Game! (Later this year)
7. The Perfect Investor Base? Corporation together with the Value/Price Game (Later this year)
8. Taming the Market? Rules, Regulations together with Restrictions (Later this year)